今天手快留学网小编为大家带来了2023年4月雅思考试(4月10日)听力真题答案(2023年6月17日雅思听力真题与答案),希望能帮助到大家,一起来看看吧!
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2023年4月雅思考试(4月10日)听力真题答案
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
想要去出国留学,就必须要去完成雅思考试,并且拿到不错的分数。如果大家在考试前先去看看以往考试的真题以及答案解析,对于自己的考试也会有参考作用的。那么今天就到小钟老师来看一看雅思考试2023年4月10日雅思听力的考试真题答案。
2023年4月10日雅思听力真题与答案:
SECTION 1
主题:租房问题
题型:填空+选择
参考答案:
1. cousin
2. service manager
3. 50
4. private company
5. mobile phone
6. agreement
7. lock is broken and should be checked
8. electricity should be examined
9. check
10. carpet
SECTION 2
主题:昆士兰旅游介绍
题型:选择
参考答案:
11. A. not many people in Tuesday
12. C. on every afternoon
13. C. Location of an old city hall building
14. B. great musicians A popular singer
15. A. cheaper one with discount
16. B. people can have dinner inside the old train cabinet
17. B. educational book for children
18. E. flag
19. A. unlimited/regardless of the voting ages
20. D. one person can vote several times
SECTION 3
主题:酒店犯罪
题型:填空
参考答案:
21. early evening
22. seminar group
23. list of objective
24. project outline
25. wide reading
26. a clear argument
27. design research
28. theory chapters
29. cheklist
30. student link
SECTION 4
主题:心理学研究
题型:填空+选择
参考答案:
31. connected
32. laboratories
33. background
34. passive
35. personality
36. learning
37. stimulating
38. self-centered
39. house
40. ation before baby’s born
如何在雅思听力考试中精准抓取数字:
首先大家应该先把0到9这十个数字的发音掌握的非常熟练。有很多书里面都有数字的练习CD或者是磁带建议各位考生对数字不敏感的去买本练习一下。你也可以在纸上多写几组数字,然后读出来用手机录音。然后听录音自己再把它们写下来。这种方法练习一段时间后,你可以找个搭档,让他快速的无意识的说出一些数字,然后你可以边说边记,这样的话你就会对数字越来越敏感了。
大家需要注意的是雅思考试中电话号码是分开来读的,先读国家代号,地区代号,最后读具体号码。比如说中国北京的一个电话读作 86,10,51697800,一个地区的电话号码通常都是有七位或者八位。对于七位的号码,读的时候前三个数字连在一起,后四个数字连在一起,中间有个停顿的。比如说,6139318读作six one three, nine three one eight; 而八位的号码可以四个一组分两组来读。例如:51697866读作five one six nine, seven eight six six.
在出现两个相同的数字时可以用double来代替,考生一定别忘了写两个数字。同理,同时出现三个数字可以用triple这个单词。大家一定要熟悉它的发音啊。例如:6623888可以读作double six two, three triple eight。这些都是比较难的了,有的雅思考试中的数字考的是房间号码,都是很简单的。但是要注意的是有的题目是数字和字母混合的,建议考生听的时候要多留心。
还有个重点要和大家强调的是"0"在英语中的表达有很多种,考生一定要多留心。比如说:zero, nought , null等等。在雅思考试中“0”经常被读成"nought"。美国英语里常读成“zero”,这个在托福考试中比较常见。电话号码中被读成"Oh"。这些都是很重要的点,希望考生多听多区分。做完相关的数字练习后对于错误的题目,一定要看看听力原稿中是怎么表达的,记住表达方式,下次同样的情况出现就不能再犯错误了。
雅思考试的听力虽然只放一次,但是对于数字的拼写,一般情况下都会重复一遍的。只要考生考试时别太紧张,这个部分拿分是比较轻松的。数字的分组也会有简短的停顿,写出来比较容易。建议对数字不敏感的考生多加练习,掌握正确的方法,遇到问题及时查找原因,一定能在雅思听力的数字方法大获全胜。
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站
,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!
2023年6月17日雅思听力真题与答案
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
不仅是出国留学,雅思考试成绩还有很多用途,对于还在备考雅思的同学来说,可以看看雅思以往考试真题,小钟老师为大家带来了2023年6月17日雅思听力真题与答案。
一、2023年6月17日雅思听力真题与答案
SECTION 1
主题:房屋推介
参考答案:
1. microwave
2. reception
3. shower
4. lake
5. 18
6. tennis
7. fishing
8. farm
9. forest
10. Arataki
SECTION 2
主题:一个残疾人组织工作人员的日常介绍
参考答案:
11-12 单选
11. B
12. A
13-14 填空
13. 40
14. 25
15-18 匹配
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. C
19-20 多选
C B
SECTION 3
主题:小孩过去和现在活动的区别
参考答案:
21 - 30 多选
21-22 A E
23-24 A E
25-26 D E
27-30 单选
27. C
28. A
29. B
30. C
SECTION 4
主题:heat pump 在英国的试验
参考答案:
31. homes
32. solar
33. experience
34. boiler
35. air
36. bacteria
37. training
38. simple
39. supervisor
40. 待回忆
二、雅思听力考试中的数字考点
1.大数:
英语和汉语读数方法的不同使得听音时不能及时反应出实际数字,在日常生活和考试中都会造成一定的麻烦。要想快速准确进行数字对应,首先要弄清两种数字系统的对应关系:
汉语中每位数字都有单独的名称,而英语中只有个,十,百,千,百万和十亿位的数字名称,每个数位的大小均以3位数表示。
掌握数字中的分节号“,”对掌握这种对应关系很有帮助,每个“,“ 左面恰好是英语数字的一个数位名称thousand, million and billion,在汉语中分别是:千,百万和十亿.
2.teen vs ty
十几和几十的区别大概是学习英语数字最基础的一个门槛。单就发音而言,这两类数字有三个不同点:第一是重音,拿“thirteen”和“thirty”来举例,thirteen的重音在“teen”上,而thirty在“thir”上; 第二:长短音,teen发长音的/i:/,而ty是短音的/I/;但是在实际的听力测试中,以上两个区别有时并不明显,这时候第三个区别就很重要了,teen的尾音有鼻音/n/,而ty没有,这个区别在大多数情况下,可以决定是那个词,但是偶尔由于语速过快或者其他因素的影响下,也可能无法听出,一般在这种情况下为ty的可能较大。
3.分数
half和quarter分别表示二分之一和四分之一。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。一份以上的分数,分母要加“s”表示复数分子用基数词。
1/3 one third
5/8 five eighths. 分子大于1,分母用复数。
1/4 one quarter
3/4 three quarters
4.小数
小数点读成point:0.35 zero point thirty-five; nought point thirty-five; point thirty-five
此外英文中的小数和中文不一样的念法在于,小数点后两位也是按十进制来念,比如:19.95念作nineteen point ninety five。
5.百分比
百分比考到的情况相对多些,只要注意到percent这个词就行了,另外要注意的是百分比中含有小数的情况。
三、雅思听力紧张情况如何克服?
首先
“有备而来”。在听之前要做好充分准备,雅思听力考试中要求学生边听边答题,所以听之前的准备工作很重要。充分快速的阅览试题和选项,找提示,标出关键词和关联词,以确定它的主题或意图,了解自己将要回答什么样的问题。如有时间可以尝试预测出相关的答案,预测是为了更准确的找到答案,使你在听题过程中更为主动。
其次
“协调配合”。大家在听,读,写时要紧密配合,滤除不相关的内容,减轻听力负担。在卷面上应该尽量用自己能够辨别的缩写符号或速记符号,在保证准确度的前提下提高速度。
最后
“严谨认真”。在每部分和考试全部结束前,都留有时间给考生检查答案,大家应该利用这段时间迅速检查答案,改正做错的题目并完成没有完成的题目,特别注意是否正确按照试题要求去做了,写在答题纸上时要保证拼写和语法的正确,如有错误也要相应扣分。
四、雅思听力考试须知
生词
学习英语,单词是最基本的,做题的时候更是这样,生词算是一大问题。如果问很多考生,大家遇到生词时有什么对策?十个有九个回答“背单词”,但是是否想过,当大家都这么做时,如何能比其他人做得好?
背单词走量是雅思考生的基本功,但基本功不等于高分,高分要体现差异和细分,也就是不同的考点要用不同的训练方式,再配合走量,这才能提升正确率。
熟词僻义
熟词僻义类似于汉语中的同义词,一个单词在不同场景中通常有不同含义,如果考生只熟悉其中一层意思,当考到其它含义时往往会失分。
比如:剑8-4-1的第10题,reference 这个词比较常用的含义是在学术场景中的“参考资料”,当它用在求职场景中还有“推荐信”的意思。再比如题干中出现的 shift,电脑键盘上有 shift 键,常指“切换”,但在求职场景中表示“轮班”。
单词的替换性意识
刚才上文提到在听录音之前如何处理题干中要看的生词。但对于题干的熟词处理,是否也要做到面面俱到呢?很多同学在读题干时本能的习惯是边读边“翻译”,但要想拿高分,理解含义是万万不够的,还要对题干的熟词从应用角度形成另外一层意识——“单词的替换性”。
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站
,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!
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2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
小钟老师为大家带来2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3),欢迎大家参考!更多相关内容请关注本站!
2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)
Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.
G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20 One description that listed the human emotional categories
Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.
Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness
A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.
B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
文章题目:科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
篇章结构
体裁
议论文
题目
科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
结构
(一句话概括每段大意)
A段: 关于幸福的早期心理学研究主流是负面情绪
B段: 少数心理学家研究正面情感带给人的益处
C段: 批评家质疑用积极思考来研究幸福的合理性
D段: 冰河世纪的古人类惯用消极思维模式
E段: 消极想法更容易被牢记
F段: 积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础
G段: 区分喜欢和欲望是研究幸福的难点
H段: 消极情绪是人类生存的基础
试题分析
Question 14-26
题目类型:
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
14
Three groups
B段第2句
B段讲述了少数心理学家对积极情绪的研究。从第2句话开始,文章详述了实验的方法,题干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。
本题答案为B
15
Ignored,only
A段最后两句
A段是关于早期心里学家研究幸福的方法。从该段最后两句可以看出,积极的情绪在当时的研究被ignored,并且在100个试验中,only one concerns a positive trait。这里的ignored/only/a都是在映射题干中的poorly researched。
本题答案选A
16
Structure of the brain
F段第1句
F段讲述了积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础。从第一句话的structure of brain可以看出,本段会研究brain action。
本题答案选F
17
Critics, big question
C段第1句
C段是针对B段的观点,批评家质疑少数心理学家研究幸福的方式。从critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方,均可以看出题干中所述的skeptical attitude。
本题答案选C
18
Wanting, liking
G段第1句
G段落主要讲wanting和liking的在大脑系统中的区别。从第1句开始,该段多次出现wanting和liking。
所以本题答案选G
19
Brick of nature
H段第2句
H段是全文最后一段,所以很容易于题干中的conclusion联系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出现了brick of nature,指代题干中的nature of brains。
本题答案选H
20
Six universal emotion
E段中间
E段中提到了人类最基础的六种情感,对应题干中的human emotional categories。
本题答案选E
21
Candy
B段
B段中详细描述了实验的三个分组情况。Into three groups: one received candy, one…
所以本题可以从原文中直接找到答案为candy。
22
What is the point of defining…
C段
从题干中的Since critics可得知此题对应原文中的C段。该段第2句话what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本题需要填写define的名词definition。
23
Professor Seligman, adversity
D段倒数第三局
D段倒数第3句:Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。从题干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案应该从这句话中寻找。另外题干中的adversity对应了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每题应该填catastrophic brain
24
Pleasant picture
E段第3句
E段第3句 讲述了pleasant and unpleasant picture对人类大脑的影响,之后紧接着提到了landscapes and dolphins playing。可见这里的positive image应该填文章中对应的pleasant picture,即landscapes and dolphins playing。
25
Unpleasant images
E段第4句
此题答案紧接着上一题。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后,紧接着提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在该句的末尾处comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改题的答案为 more primitive parts
26
Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness
E、G、H段
A选项: G段的第一句话brain system for liking and wanting are separate,因此选项中的mix together是错误的。
B选项: 在E段中,作者主要表述了消极思想和情感在大脑中会留下深刻的记忆,并很难被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和题干中的be easily rid of矛盾。
C选项:G段最后一句,drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure。看似与题干很吻合但是却在意思上大相径庭。G段的核心思想是在强调happiness和满足wanting后的satisfaction是两个概念。题干中的nicotine只是满足了人类大脑的wanting,但是不会带来pleasant,更不会带来happiness。所以这个选项也是错误的。
D选项:H段最后一句,our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思与题干一致,表述了由于大脑结构导致了很难持续或者幸福感。
所以本题选D
参考译文:
科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
A
经济学家认为,如果人们会把自己描述成幸福的,那么他们就是幸福的.然而 心理学家却要区分不同幸福感之间的差别。幸福最中等的水平是一种开心或是快乐的感觉。但是有时幸福是对生活的一种评判,认为生活是令人满意的,而这似乎是不涉及感情范畴的。受人敬仰的心理学家Martin Seligman率先致力于关于幸福的研究。不幸的是,我们并不是天生就会感到幸福;而所幸的是,我们可以做一些关于幸福的事情。关于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的实验室,那时心理学对“善良”和“满足”还知之甚少, 大部分的心理学家都在研究“软弱”和“痛苦”。图书馆里的书涉及的理论都是关于我们为什么会悲伤,担忧和生气这类的情绪。研究生活乎顺时发生的事情在当时看来是不靠谱的。积极正面的体验,比如说快乐,善良,利他主义和英雄主义在当时常常是被人们忽略的。在每100篇关于焦虑和压抑的心理学论文中,只有一篇会涉及积极的心理状态。
B
少数的实验心理学家引领了有关幸福研究的潮流。康奈尔大学的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何让人们思维更敏捷以及更有创造力。为了展示正面的情感是怎样迅速地提升一个人的智力,Isen教授通过一个巧妙的诊断将参加实验的医生分为3组:一组收到了糖果,一组朗读人本主义的宜言,一组则作为控制对照组,(实验结果表明,)收到糖果的医生的思维更具创造性同时工作也更高效,受到Isen教授和其他人的启发,Seligman也投身关于幸描的研究,他等集到了几百万美金的研究经费,用以资助全世界150名科学家组成的50个研究小组。4家“积极心理学”中心成立,用令人愉悦的颜色装饰, 配有沙发和保姆。心理学家聚集在墨西哥的沙滩上享受着潜水的乐趣,品尝墨西哥菜肴fajitas,他们还分成小组讨论有关“夸迹”和“敬畏"的话题。还有一千名临床医学家接受这项新科学项目的培训。
C
但是一些批评家要求心理学家回答一些重大的问题,比如说,什么是定义不同幸福水平的标准以及如何将这些特点分类?这些关于幸福的概念难道不是糢糊不清而且无法被这实的吗?当四处还有饥荒,洪水和经济萧条的时候,将这些研究基金用于积极心态的研究合适吗?Seligman知道他的工作会被别人轻看,还可能会被人冠以诸如“积极思考的力量”此类的陈词滥调。因此,为了让这样新的科学研究不要浮于自我满足的状态,就要确保这项研完和“枳极心理学”相联系,又以“枳极生物学”作为基础。
D
这就需要我们回到人类的进化史,人类是从更新世时代(180万到1万年前)开始进化的,那是一个充满艰难和动荡的时代。在冰河世纪,我们的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷,然后是冰川消融时的泛滥的洪水。人们还得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如说猛犸象和体型如大象般巨大的地懒以及长着锐利犬牙的猫共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期,所有的这些动物都灭绝了,人类却进化出了脑容量更大的大脑,并且通过自己的智力学会生火和制造较复杂的工具,还学会了说话并且形成了一些社会礼仪。在逆境中生存将人类变得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授说道:“因为我们的大脑是在一个充满冰川,洪水和饥荒的年代进化来的,我们的大脑经历了太多患难—灾难性,所以我们的大脑的运作模式就是 “发现哪里出了问题”。但问题是,这在更新世那样的时代是起作用的,在那时这对人类是有益的,但是在现代社会就不起作用了。
E
尽管大多数人评价自己很幸福,但是大量证据显示消极的想法还是在人类心中根深蒂固。实验显示,较成功而言,失败更容易被我们牢牢记住。我们总是在思想一些不顺利的事情,而不是那些顺利的好的事情。在6种基本的情绪中,有4种是消极的,它们是:生气,害怕,厌恶和悲伤,而只有一种是积极的,它就是喜悦。(第6种情绪是惊奇,属于中性。)心理学家同时也是《幸福》这本书的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家学院的一位学者认为,消极的情绪总是告诉我们“一些不好的事情已经发生了”,从而会让我们采取不一样的行动。
F
究竟是什么样的大脑结构让我们会倾向于有消极的想法呢?“快乐”这样的情绪有生物学基础吗?爱荷华大学的神经学家研究了当人们看到令人愉悦的图片和让人不舒服的图片时的情况。当人们看到风景或是海豚玩耍时,大脑的额叶会变得活跃。但是当他们看到一些让人不舒服的图片比如说一只小鸟被埋在土里时,或是一个战死的战士面部还有部分缺失时,大脑最原始的部分会做出反应。这种识别消极情绪的能力是从古时候大脑进化早期形成的危险识别系统来的。大脑前额叶皮质是产生幸福感的部位,是用来进行一些高级的思考,是人类晚些时期进化来的。
G
据Daniel Nettle所言,研究的困难在于大脑对于“喜欢”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的机制是分开的,“欲望”涉及两个最初大脑发育的部位,也就是扁桃体和神经大脑区,它们通过化学多巴酚传递信息来形成大脑的奖励机制。它们常常是让人们很期待吃完东西的快感或是对药品上瘾。小白鼠会不停地击打栅栏来获取对大脑“欲望”情绪的电刺激,而忽略异性同伴,但是获得大脑刺激的小白鼠虽然吃得更多,但是并没有迹象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一种满足感。对人而言,像尼古丁这样的物质会让人想要摄取更多但是却带来很少的快感。
H
从本质上来看,生物课可以告诉我们消极的情绪是人类生存的基本情绪,所以难怪它很难根除。与此同时,让人觉得很诡异的是,我们的大脑总是想要的很多,但是却很难真正得到持续的幸福感。
参考答案:
Version 19104 主题 幸福的科学解释
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B
15
A
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F
17
C
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G
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H
20
E
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Candy
22
definition
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a catastrophic brain
24
landscapes or dolphins playing
25
(more) primitive parts
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D
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